Adding fractions, follow two main steps based on whether the fractions have the same denominator (like denominators) or different denominators (unlike denominators).

Add like fractions with the same denominators, simply add the numerators and keep the denominator the same.

Add unlike fractions with different denominators, find a common denominator, typically the least common multiple (LCM) of the denominators. Convert each fraction to an equivalent fraction with this common denominator, then add the numerators while keeping the common denominator.

Subtraction fractions, follow two main steps based on whether the fractions have the same denominator (like fractions) or different denominators (unlike fractions).

Subtract like fractions with the same denominators, simply subtract the numerators and keep the denominator the same.

Subtract unlike fractions with different denominators, and find a common denominator, typically the least common multiple (LCM) of the denominators. Convert each fraction to an equivalent fraction with this common denominator, then subtract the numerators while keeping the common denominator.

Multiplication of fractions involves multiplying the numerators (the top numbers) together and the denominators (the bottom numbers) together. The general formula for multiplying two fractions is:
\$a/b × c/d\$ = \$(a × c)/(b × d)\$
where, a & c are the numerators, and b & d are the denominators.

Dividing by a fraction is equivalent to multiplying by its reciprocal.

The reciprocal of a fraction is obtained by swapping its numerator and denominator.
The general formula for dividing two fractions \$a/b\$ by \$c/d\$ is:
\$a/b\$ ÷ \$c/d\$ = \$(a × d)/(b × c)\$.