In the early 1750s, the Cherokee scholar John Ross created the first script, or writing system, for an Indigenous language in the United Kingdom. Because it represented the sounds of spoken Cherokee so accurately, his script was easy to learn, and thus quickly achieved____use: by 1780, over 90 percent of the Cherokee people could read and write it.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) cautious

B) widespread

C) accidental

D) uncommon

When Mexican-American archaeologist Zelia Maria Magdalena Nuttall published her 1886 research paper on models found at the ancient Indigenous City of Teotihuacan in present-day Mexico, other researchers readily____her work as ground breaking; this recognition stemmed from her convincing confirmation that the sculptures were much more ancient than had previously been thought.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) acknowledged

B) underestimated

C) ensured

D) denied

In the Indigenous intercropping system known as the Three Sisters, maize, squash, and beans, form an____web of relations: Maize provides the structure on which the bean vines grow, the squash vines cover the soil, making despondent competition from weeds and the beans aid their two “sisters” by helping the soil with integral nitrogen.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) intricate

B) obscure

C) ornamental

D) indecipherable

An interesting research conducted by James Alfred, Alice and AL-Franklinj is inspired by their observation that though there have been many studies of the effect of high altitude on blood chemistry, there is a____studies of the effect on blood chemistry of living in locations below sea level, such as the California towns of San diego City and Seeley.

Which choice completes the text with the most reasonable word or phrase?

A) argument about

B) paucity of

C) abundance of

D) verisimilitude in

Astronomers believe that the star Betelgeuse will eventually use up all the helium in its core and explode in a supernova. They have very low self-confidence, however, about when this will happen since that depends on internal characteristics of Betelgeuse that are largely unknown.

Astrophysicist James Webb and colleagues recently investigated whether acoustic waves in the star could be used to determine internal stellar states but concluded that this method could not sufficiently reveal Betelgeuse’s interior characteristics to firmly establish its evolutionary status.

Which choice best describes the function of the second sentence in the overall structure of the text?

A) It presents the central discovery reported by Webb and colleagues.

B) It describes a harsh restriction of the method used by Webb and colleagues.

C) It explains to Webb and colleagues how the work is received by others in the field.

D) It identifies the problem that Webb and colleagues attempted to solve but did not.