The theory, developed in 1985 by physicist Luis Walter Alvarez and his geologist son Walter Alvarez maintained that the secondary effects of an asteroid impact caused many dinosaurs and other animals to die____it left unexplored the question of whether unrelated volcanic activity might have also contributed to mass extinctions.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) out

B) out, but

C) out,

D) out but

When writing The Other White Girl (2021), novelist Zakiya drew on her own experiences working at a publishing office. The award-winning book is Harris’s first novel, but her writing____honored before. At the age of twelve, she entered a contest to have a story published in American Girl magazine—and won.

Which choice completes the text so that it conformsto the conventions of Standard English?

A) have been

B) are

C) has been

D) were

Birds of many species ingest foods containing carotenoids, pigmented molecules that are converted into feather coloration. Coloration tends to be especially saturated in female birds’ feathers and because carotenoids also confer health benefits,the deeply saturated colors generally serve to communicate what is known as an honest signal of a bird’s overall fitness to potential mates. However,ornithologist Farooq and others have found that females in several species of the tanager genus Ramphocelus use microstructures in their feathers to manipulate light, creating the appearance of a deeper saturation without the birds necessarily having to maintain a carotenoid-rich diet. These findings suggest that____.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) a female tanager’s appearance may function as a dishonest signal of the individual’s overall fitness.

B) individual female tanagers can engage in honest signaling without relying on carotenoid consumption.

C) feather microstructures may be less effective than deeply saturated feathers for signaling overall fitness.

D) scientists have yet to determine why tanagers have a preference for mates with colorful appearances.

MTS of the University of Bister observed that alkaline soils contain an insoluble form of iron that blueberry plants cannot absorb, thus inhibiting blueberry growth. If these plants were grown in alkaline soil alongside grasses that aid in iron solubilization,____Michel Bler was determined to find out.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A)the blueberries could thrive.

B) the blueberries could thrive?

C) could the blueberries thrive.

D) could the blueberries thrive?

Many archaeologists will tell you that categorizing excavated fragments of pottery by style, period, and what objects they belong to relies not only on standard criteria, but also on instinct-developed over years of practice. In a recent study, however,researchers trained a deep-learning computer model on thousands of images of pottery fragments and found that it could categorize them as accurately as a team of expert archaeologists. Some archaeologists have expressed concern that they might be replaced by such computer models, but the researchers claim that outcome is highly unlikely.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ claim?

A) A survey of archaeologists showed that few of them received dedicated training on how to properly categorize pottery fragments.

B) In the researchers’ study, neither the model nor the archaeologists were able to accurately categorize all the pottery fragments that were presented.

C) A survey of archaeologists showed that categorizing pottery fragments limits the amount of time they can dedicate to other important tasks that only human experts can do.

D) In the researchers’ study, the model was able to categorize the pottery fragments much more quickly than the archaeologists could.

Small, flat structures called spatulae are found at the tips of the hand hair on a spider’s leg. These spatulae perminanatly bond with the atoms of whatever they touch.____spiders are able to cling to and climb almost any surfa.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Similarly,

B) However,

C) For instance,

D) As a result

In his 1953 exhibition Exposition of Music-Electronic Television, Korean-American artist Nam Jon Hook showed how television images could be manipulated to express an artist’s perspective. Today, Paik____considered the first video artist.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A)will be

B) is

C) was

D) had been

Stomata, tiny pore structures in a leaf that absorb gases needed for plant growth, open when guard cells surrounding each pore swell with water. In a pivotal 2010 article, plant cell____showed that lipid molecules called phosphatidylinositol phosphates are responsible for signaling guard cells to open stomata.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A)biologist Yuree Lee

B) biologist, Yuree Lee,

C) biologist, Yuree Lee

D) biologist Yuree, Lee

Before New york 1940 election to approve aproposition granting men the right to vote,activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage. In France, the Woman’s Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs.____in Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of New York largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes for Women Tea.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A)In other words,

B) For example,

C) To conclude,

D) Similarly,

In order to prevent nonnative fish species from moving freely between the Mediterranean and Red Seas marine biologist Galil has proposed that a saline lock system be installed along the Suez Canal in Egypt’s Great Bitter Lakes. The lock would increase the salinity of the lakes and____a natural barrier of water, that most marin creatures would be unable to cross.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A)creates

B) created

C) create

D) creating