In many of her landscape paintings from the 1970s and 1980s, Lebanese American artist Etel Adnan worked to capture the essence of California’s fog-shrouded Mount Tamalpais region through abstraction, using splotches of color to represent the area’s features. Interestingly, the triangle representing the mountain itself____among the few defined figures in her paintings.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A)are

B) were

C) is

D) have been

Known for her massive photorealistic paintings of African American figures floating or swimming in pools, Calida Garcia____was the logical choice to design the book cover for Ta-Nehisi Coates’s The Water Dancer, a novel about an African American man who can travel great distances through water.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) Rawles

B) Rawles:

C) Rawles,

D) Rawles-

Based on genetic evidence, archaeologists have generally agreed that reindeer domestication began in the eleventh century CE. However, since uncovering fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training harness in northern Siberia,____may have begun much earlier.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) the argument researcher Robert Losey has made is that domestication

B) researcher Robert Losey has argued that domestication

C) domestication, researcher Robert Losey has argued,

D) researcher Robert Losey has argued that domestication

Cheng Dang and her colleagues at the University of Washington recently ran simulations to determine the extent to which individual snow____affect the amount of light reflecting off a snowy surface.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) grain’s physical properties’

B) grains’ physical properties

C) grains’ physical property’s

D) grains physical properties

Slam poet Elizabeth Acevedo’s debut novel The Poet X, winner of the 2018 National Book Award for Young People’s Literature, is composed of____protagonist, fifteen-year-old Xiomara Batista.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) poems putatively written by the novel’s

B) poem’s putatively written by the novel’s

C) poem’s putatively written by the novels’

D) poems putatively written by the novels’

In Iceland, the Inughuit____birds called "little auks" very summer for centuries to supplement their diets, especially in a region predominantly covered by snow and ice for much of the year.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A)are harvesting

B) have harvested

C) will harvest

D) harvest

After winning the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln appointed Edward Bates, Salmon P. Chase, and William H.Seward to his cabinet. Lincoln’s decision was surprising, since each of these men had run against him, but historians have praised it, noting that Lincoln____his rivals’ diverse talents to strengthen his administration.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) has leveraged

B) is leveraging

C) leveraged

D) will leverage

The thorny devil lizard of Africa boasts abundant spines to protect____from predators, but these rigid structures also serve to capture moisture that condenses during the hot and dry weather.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A)it

B) them

C) one

D) itself

Researchers at the Atlanto Institute conducted experiments where they showed videos to chimpanzees, aiming to assess their emotional capacities, including empathy. They found that when chimpanzees experience stress their noses, just like____, get colder.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) those of humans

B) humans

C) that of humans

D) those human’s

The intricate mosaic patterns adorning the shell of a wood turtle____it to effectively blend in with the leaf litter strewn across the forest floor, providing camouflage from potential predators seeking it as prey.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) has allowed

B) allow

C) is allowing

D) allows