While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: Annie Wu is a prominent American flutist who graduated from the New England Conservatory. She has won multiple national flute competitions. She is best known for a 2011 YouTube video that has been viewed over two million times. The video shows her performing Three Beats for Beatbox Flute, an original work by composer Greg Pattillo. Wu combines flute playing and beatboxing in the video. The student wants to emphasize Wu’s most well-known achievement.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Annie Wu, who has won multiple national flute competitions, has also combined flute playing and beatboxing.

B) Annie Wu is best known for a 2011 YouTube video performance of Three Beats for Beatbox Flute that has been viewed over two million times.

C) Among her many achievements, prominent American flutist Annie Wu graduated from the New England Conservatory and has won multiple national flute competitions.

D) Composer Greg Pattillo’s original work Three Beats for Beatbox Flute combines flute playing and beatboxing.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with wheels, to explore the surface of Mars. NASA’s rovers can’t explore regions inaccessible to wheeled vehicles. Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to land on the planet’s surface. Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could be deployed virtually anywhere on the surface of Mars. Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers. The student wants to explain an advantage of microprobes.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Despite being heavy, NASA’s rovers can land successfully on the surface of Mars.

B) NASA currently uses its rovers on Mars, but microprobes have been proposed as an alternative.

C) Microprobes, which weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could explore areas of Mars that are inaccessible to NASA’s heavy, wheeled rovers.

D) Though they are different sizes, both microprobes and rovers can be used to explore the surface of Mars.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: J.R.R. Tolkien’s 1937 novel The Hobbit features two maps. The novel opens with a reproduction of the map that the characters use on their quest. This map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter. The novel closes with a map depicting every stop on the characters’ journey. That map allows readers to reconstruct the story they have just read. The student wants to contrast the purposes of the two maps in The Hobbit.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Hobbit’s opening map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter, while the closing map allows them to reconstruct the story they have just read.

B) The Hobbit, a novel published by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1937, features a reproduction of a map that the characters use on their quest, as well as a map that appears at the end of the novel.

C) The Hobbit’s two maps, one opening and one closing the novel, each serve a purpose for readers.

D) In 1937, author J.R.R. Tolkien published The Hobbit, a novel featuring both an opening and a closing map.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: The tundra is a type of environment characterized by especially harsh winter conditions. Winter temperatures in the tundra average a frigid −30 degrees Fahrenheit. Animals that have adapted to these conditions can survive tundra winters. During the tundra’s short growing season, average temperatures can reach a relatively mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit. Around 1,700 different kinds of plants are able to grow in the tundra. The student wants to emphasize how harsh the conditions can be in the tundra.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Along with animals that have adapted to the tundra’s conditions, around 1,700 different kinds of plants can live in the tundra.

B) Animals that have adapted to harsh winter conditions can survive tundra winters.

C) There are around 1,700 different kinds of plants that can live in the tundra, where average temperatures can reach a mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit.

D) Winters in the tundra are especially harsh, with temperatures averaging a frigid −30 degrees Fahrenheit.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a single spot in the sky. This spot is called the meteor shower’s radiant. The Perseid meteor shower is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August. Like many meteor showers, it is named for the location of its radiant. Its radiant is located within the constellation Perseus. The student wants to explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower’s name.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A meteor shower’s name may be linked to a single spot in the sky.

B) The Perseid meteor shower, which has a radiant, is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August.

C) The Perseid meteor shower is named for the constellation Perseus, the location of the meteor shower’s radiant.

D) From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a radiant, such as the one within Perseus.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: Wool is a natural—and economically important—fiber that is obtained from animals like sheep. Australia is a leading producer of wool. The thickness of wool fibers varies across sheep breeds. Merino sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel. Rambouillet sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel. Romney sheep produce thick wool that is used for rugs and blankets. The student wants to emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet wool.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Romney wool is just one of the many kinds of wools, each originating from a different breed of sheep.

B) Sheep wool varies from breed to breed, so Romney wool will be different than other kinds of wool.

C) Wool is an economically important fiber—especially in Australia—that can be used to make apparel or even rugs and blankets.

D) The fine wool produced by Merino and Rambouillet sheep is used for apparel, whereas the thicker wool of Romney sheep is used in rugs and blankets.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs. Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems that provide habitats to 25% of all marine species. Reefs can include up to 8,000 species of fish, such as toadfish, seahorses, and clown triggerfish. The Amazon Reef is a coral reef in Brazil. It is one of the largest known reefs in the world. The student wants to introduce the scientist and her field of study to a new audience.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Located in Brazil, the Amazon Reef is one of the largest known coral reefs in the world.

B) Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs, vital underwater ecosystems that provide homes to 25% of all marine species.

C) Providing homes to 25% of all marine species, including up to 8,000 species of fish, coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems and thus of great interest to marine biologists.

D) As Camille Jazmin Gaynus knows well, coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems, providing homes to thousands of species of fish.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955. PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA. Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for mRNA. The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code. Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health. The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Ochoa’s 1955 discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code, leading to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.

B) Ochoa first discovered PNPase, an enzyme that he hypothesized contained the genetic blueprints for mRNA, in 1955.

C) In 1955, Ochoa discovered the PNPase enzyme, which is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.

D) Though his discovery of PNPase was critical to deciphering the human genetic code, Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that the enzyme was the source of mRNA’s genetic blueprints.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations. Surface-dwelling tetras live on the surface and are able to see. Cave-dwelling tetras live in total darkness and have lost the ability to see. Cave-dwelling tetras have asymmetrical skulls with more sensory receptors on one side than the other. These receptors help cave-dwelling tetras navigate in darkness. The student wants to emphasize a difference between surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A)Surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras may belong to the same species, but they are quite different.

B) Cave-dwelling tetras can no longer see but use sensory receptors on their skulls to navigate.

C) Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations: surface-dwelling tetras and cave-dwelling tetras.

D) Surface-dwelling tetras can see, whereas cave-dwelling tetras cannot.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: Pinnipeds, which include seals, sea lions, and walruses, live in and around water. Pinnipeds are descended not from sea animals but from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores. Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski recently found a fossil with four legs, webbed toes, and the skull and teeth of a seal. Rybczynski refers to her rare find as a “transitional fossil.” The fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors. The student wants to emphasize the fossil’s significance.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A)Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski’s fossil has the skull and teeth of a seal, which, like sea lions and walruses, is a pinniped.

B) Pinnipeds are descended from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores; a fossil that resembles both was recently found.

C) Having four legs but the skull and teeth of a seal, the rare fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.

D) A “transitional fossil” was recently found by paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski.