In the twentieth century, ethnographers made a concerted effort to collect Mexican-American folklore, but they did not always agree about that folklore’s origins. Scholars such as Aurelio Espinosa claimed that Mexican-American folklore derived largely from the folklore of Spain, which ruled Mexico and what is now the southwestern United States from the sixteenth to early nineteenth centuries. Scholars such as AmErico Paredes, by contrast, argued that while some Spanish influence is undeniable, Mexican-American folklore is mainly the product of the ongoing interactions of various cultures in Mexico and the United States.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Paredes’s argument?

A) Most of the folklore that the ethnographers collected consisted of corridos-ballads about history and social life-of a clearly recent origin. B) The folklore that the ethnographers collected included several songs written in the form of a decima, a type of poem originating in late sixteenth-century Spain.

C) The folklore collected by the ethnographers was previously unknown to scholars.

D) Folklore collected by ethnographers have similar elements from region to region.

In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States used agricultural techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers had actually seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several farmers of the same era independently developing techniques that the Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these facts most strongly suggest that____.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States were not well suited to Haudenosaunee farming techniques. B) those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly influenced by Haudenosaunee practices.

C) Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee farming techniques late in the nineteenth century.

D) Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the northeastern United States.

If some antiquities recovered from excavations of the settlement of Kuulo Kataa in modern Ghana date from the fourteenth century CE, that may lend credence to claims that the settlement was founded before or around that time. There is other evidence, however, strongly supporting a fifteenth-century CE founding date for Kuulo Kataa. If both the artifact dates and the fourteenth-century CE founding date are correct, that will imply hat

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the artifacts originated elsewhere and eventually reached Kuulo Kataa through trade or migration.

B) artifacts originated eventually reach Kuulo Kataa through trade or migration.

C) Kuulo Kataa was founded by people from a different region.

D) artifacts from the fourteenth century CE and artifacts from the thirteenth century CE have been recovered.

A team of biologists led by Jae-Hoon Jung, Antonio D. Barbosa, and Stephanie Hutin investigated the mechanism that allows Arabidopsis thalian plants to accelerate flowering at high temperatures. They replaced the protein ELF3 in the plants with a similar protein found in another species that, unlike A.thaliana, displays no acceleration in flowering with increased temperature. A comparison of unmodified A.thaliana plants with the altered plants showed no difference in flowering at 22° Celsius, but at 27° Celsius, the unmodified plants exhibited accelerated flowering while the altered ones did not, which suggests that____

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) ELF3 enables A.thaliana to respond to increased temperatures.

B) Specific to temperature-sensitive accelerated A.thaliana.

C) A.thaliana increases ELF3 production as temperatures rise.

D) temperatures of at least 22° Celsius are required for A.thaliana to flower.

A member of the Cherokee Nation, Mary Golda Ross is renowned for her contributions to NASA’s Planetary Flight Handbook, which____detailed mathematical guidance for missions to Mars and Venus.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) provided

B) providing

C) to providing

D) with provide