Archeological excavation of Market Street Chinatown, a nineteenth-century Chinese American community in San Jose,California, provided the first evidence that Asian food products were imported to the United States in the 1800s: bones from a freshwater fish species native to Southeast Asia. Jinshanzhuang—Hong Kong–based import/export firms—likely coordinated the fish’s transport from Chinese-operated fisheries in Vietnam and Malaysia to North American markets. This route reveals the (often overlooked) multinational dimensions of the trade networks linking Chinese diaspora communities.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A) It provides information that helps support a claim about a discovery’s significance that is presented in the following sentence.

B) It traces the steps that were taken to locate and recover the objects that are described in the previous sentence.

C) It explains why efforts to determine the country of origin of the items mentioned in the previous sentence remain inconclusive.

D) It outlines a hypothesis that additional evidence discussed in the following sentence casts some doubt on.

The following text is adapted from Gwendolyn Bennett’s 1926 poem “Street Lamps in Early Spring.” Night wears a garment All velvet soft, all violet blue…​  And over her face she draws a veil As shimmering fine as floating dew…​  And here and there In the black of her hair The subtle hands of Night Move slowly with their gem-starred light.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) It makes an extended comparison of night to a human being.

B) It presents alternating descriptions of night in a rural area and in a city.

C) It sketches an image of nightfall, then an image of sunrise.

D) It portrays how night changes from one season of the year to the next.

Researchers have found a nearly 164,000-year-old molar from a member of the archaic human species known as Denisovans in a cave in Laos, suggesting that Denisovans lived in a wider range of environments than indicated by earlier evidence. Before the discovery, Denisovans were thought to have lived only at high altitudes in relatively cold climates in what are now Russia and China, but the discovery of the tooth in Laos suggests that they may have lived at low altitudes in relatively warm climates in Southeast Asia as well.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A)It dismisses as untrue the research presented in the previous sentence.

B) It defines a term used in the description that follows in the rest of the sentence.

C) It emphasizes the main goal of the research introduced in the previous sentence.

D) It provides context that clarifies the significance of the information that follows in the rest of the sentence.

The following text is from Georgia Douglas Johnson’s 1922 poem “Benediction.” Go forth, my son, Winged by my heart’s desire! Great reaches, yet unknown, Await For your possession. I may not, if I would, Retrace the way with you, My pilgrimage is through, But life is calling you!

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A)To express hope that a child will have the same accomplishments as his parent did.

B) To suggest that raising a child involves many struggles.

C) To encourage a child to embrace the experiences life will offer

D) To warn a child that he will face many challenges throughout his life.

Early in the Great Migration of 1910–1970, which involved the mass migration of Black people from the southern to the northern United States, political activist and Chicago Defender writer Fannie Barrier Williams was instrumental in helping other Black women establish themselves in the North. Many women hoped for better employment opportunities in the North because, in the South, they faced much competition for domestic employment and men tended to get agricultural work. To aid with this transition, Barrier Williams helped secure job placement in the North for many women before they even began their journey.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To demonstrate that the factors that motivated the start of the Great Migration were different for Black women than they were for Black men.

B) To introduce and illustrate Barrier Williams’s integral role in supporting other Black women as their circumstances changed during part of the Great Migration.

C) To establish that Barrier Williams used her professional connections to arrange employment for other Black women,including jobs with the Chicago Defender

D) To provide an overview of the employment challenges faced by Black women in the agricultural and domestic spheres in the southern United States.

Archeological excavation of Market Street Chinatown, a nineteenth-century Chinese American community in San Jose,California, provided the first evidence that Asian food products were imported to the United States in the 1800s: bones from a freshwater fish species native to Southeast Asia. Jinshanzhuang—Hong Kong–based import/export firms—likely coordinated the fish’s transport from Chinese-operated fisheries in Vietnam and Malaysia to North American markets. This route reveals the (often overlooked) multinational dimensions of the trade networks linking Chinese diaspora communities.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A) It explains why efforts to determine the country of origin of the items mentioned in the previous sentence remain inconclusive.

B) It traces the steps that were taken to locate and recover the objects that are described in the previous sentence.

C) It provides information that helps support a claim about a discovery’s significance that is presented in the following sentence.

D) It outlines a hypothesis that additional evidence discussed in the following sentence casts some doubt on."

Using NASA’s powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Mercedes López-Morales and colleagues measured the wavelengths of light traveling through the atmosphere of WASP-39b, an exoplanet, or planet outside our solar system.Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of light, and the wavelength measurements showed the presence of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in WASP-39b’s atmosphere. This finding not only offers the first decisive evidence of CO₂ in the atmosphere of an exoplanet but also illustrates the potential for future scientific breakthroughs held by the JWST.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A)It discusses a method used by some researchers, then states why an alternative method is superior to it.

B) It examines how a group of scientists reached a conclusion, then shows how other scientists have challenged that conclusion.

C) It outlines the steps taken in a scientific study, then presents a hypothesis based on that study.

D) It describes how researchers made a scientific discovery, then explains the importance of that discovery.

Yawn contagion occurs when one individual yawns in response to another’s yawn. Studies of this behavior in primates have focused on populations in captivity, but biologist Elisabetta Palagi and her colleagues have shown that it can occur in wild primate populations as well. In their study, which focused on a wild population of gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) in Ethiopia, the researchers further reported that yawn contagion most commonly occurred in males and across different social groups instead of within a single social group.

Which choice best describes the function of the first sentence in the text as a whole?

A) It introduces a problem that is examined in the text.

B) It makes a claim that is challenged in the text.

C) It defines a phenomenon that is discussed in the text.

D) It presents a hypothesis that is evaluated in the text.

The following text is from Joseph Conrad’s 1907 novel The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale. Mr. Verloc is navigating the London streets on his way to a meeting. Before reaching Knightsbridge, Mr. Verloc took a turn to the left out of the busy main thoroughfare, uproarious with the traffic of swaying omnibuses and trotting vans, in the almost silent, swift flow of hansoms [horse-drawn carriages]. Under his hat,worn with a slight backward tilt, his hair had been carefully brushed into respectful sleekness; for his business was with an Embassy. And Mr. Verloc, steady like a rock—a soft kind of rock—marched now along a street which could with every propriety be described as private.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined phrase in the text as a whole?

A) It emphasizes an internal struggle Mr. Verloc experiences.

B) It contrasts Mr. Verloc with his surroundings.

C) It qualifies an earlier description of Mr. Verloc.

D) It reveals a private opinion Mr. Verloc holds.

In 1973, poet Miguel Algarín started inviting other writers who, like him, were Nuyorican—a term for New Yorkers of Puerto Rican heritage—to gather in his apartment to present their work. The gatherings were so well attended that Algarín soon had to rent space in a cafe to accommodate them. Thus, the Nuyorican Poets Cafe was born. Moving to a permanent location in 1981, the Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its original scope beyond the written word, hosting art exhibitions and musical performances as well. Half a century since its inception, it continues to foster emerging Nuyorican talent.

ed]Which choice best describes the overall purpose of the text?

A)To provide an overview of the founding and mission of the Nuyorican Poets Cafe.

B) To discuss why the Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its scope to include art and music.

C) To situate the Nuyorican Poets Cafe within the cultural life of New York as a whole.

D) To explain what motivated Algarín to found the Nuyorican Poets Cafe.