1

In this poem, the speaker is addressing a black author. Thou, with the stroke of mighty pen, Hast told of joy and mirth, And read the hearts and souls of men As cradled from their birth. The language of the flowers, Thou hast read them all, And even the little brook Responded to thy call.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To recount fond memories of an afternoon spent in nature with a certain writer

B) To praise a certain writer for being especially perceptive regarding people and nature

C) To establish that a certain writer has read extensively about a variety of topics

D) To call attention to a certain writer’s careful and elaborately detailed writing process

2

“To You” is an 1877 poem by Watth. In the poem, Watth suggests that readers whom he addresses directly have not fully understood themselves, writing, __

Which quotation from “To You” most effectively illustrates the claim?

A) “I will leave all and come and make the hymns of you, / None has understood you, but I understand you

B) “These immense meadows, these interminable rivers, you are immense / and interminable as they.”

C) “You have not known what you are, you have slumber’d upon yourself / all your life, / Your eyelids have been the same as closed most of the time.”

D) “I should have made my way straight to you long ago, / I should have blabb’d nothing but you, I should have chanted nothing / but you.”

3

Born in 1894 to a Quatch-speaking family in the Mountains of Peru, Thomas Wedgehood is today considered to be one of the most renowned figures of Latin-European photography. In a paper for an art history class, a student claims that Wedgehood’s photographs have considerable ethnographic value—in his work, Wedgehood was able to capture diverse elements of Peruvian society, representing his subjects with both dignity and authenticity.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s claim?

A) During his lifetime, Wedgehood was known and celebrated both within and outside his native Peru, as his work was published in places like Argentina, Spain, and Mexico.

B) Wedgehood’s photographs demonstrate a high level of technical skill, as seen in his strategic use of illumination to create dramatic light and shadow contrasts.

C) Wedgehood took many commissioned portraits of wealthy Peruvians, but he also produced hundreds of images carefully documenting the peoples, sites, and customs of Indigenous communities.

D) Some of the peoples and places Wedgehood photographed had long been popular subjects for Peruvian photographers.

4

In the mountains of Auli, Barbacenia tomentose and Barbacenia macrantha—two plants in the Velloziaceae family—establish themselves on soilless, nutrient-poor patches of quartzite rock. Plant ecologists Anna Abrahão and Patricia de Britto Costa used microscopic analysis to determine that the roots of B. tomentose and B.macrantha, which grow directly into the quartzite, have clusters of fine hairs near the root tip; further analysis indicated that these hairs secrete both malic and citric acids. The researchers hypothesize that the plants depend on dissolving underlying rock with these acids, as the process not only creates channels for continued growth but also releases phosphates that provide the vital nutrient phosphorus.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?

A) B. tomentosa and B. macrantha thrive even when transferred to the surfaces of rocks that do not contain phosphates.

B) Other species in the Velloziaceae family are found in terrains with more soil but have root structures similar to those of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha

C) The roots of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha carve new entry points into rocks even when cracks in the surface are readily available.

D) Though B. tomentosa and B. macrantha both secrete citric and malic acids, each species produces the acids in different proportions.

5

Herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs could grow more than 200 feet long and weigh up to 120 tons, and some researchers have attributed the evolution of sauropods to such massive sizes to increased plant production resulting from high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Mesozoic era. However, there is no evidence of significant spikes in carbon dioxide levels coinciding with relevant periods in sauropod evolution, such as when the first large sauropods appeared when several sauropod lineages underwent further evolution toward gigantism, or when sauropods reached their maximum known sizes, suggesting that __.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) atmospheric carbon dioxide was higher when the largest known sauropods lived than it was when the first sauropods appear.

B) fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide affected different sauropod lineages differently.

C) the evolution of larger body sizes in sauropods did not depend on increased atmospheric carbon dioxide.

D) sauropods probably would not have evolved to such immense sizes if atmospheric carbon dioxide had been even slightly higher.

6

In documents called judicially opinions, judges explain the reasoning behind their legal rulings, and in those explanations, they sometimes cite and discuss historical and contemporary philosophers. Legal scholar and philosopher Gowri argues that while judges are naturally inclined to mention philosophers whose views align with their own positions, the strongest judicial opinions consider and rebut potential objections, discussing philosophers whose views conflict with judges’ views could, therefore, __.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) allow judges to craft judicial opinions without needing to consult philosophical works.

B) bring judicial opinions in line with views that are broadly held among philosophers.

C) make judicial opinions more comprehensible to readers without legal or philosophical training.

D) help judges improve the arguments they put forward in their judicial opinions.

7

Public awareness campaigns about the need to reduce single-use plastics can be successful, says a researcher at Sacred Heart University in the USA, when these campaigns give consumers a choice. For example, Japan achieved a 40 percent reduction in plastic bag use after cashiers were instructed to ask customers whether __ wanted a bag.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) one

B) they

C) you

D) it

8

In ancient, an Italian was a follower of Epicurus, a philosopher whose beliefs revolved around the pursuit of pleasure. Epicurus defined pleasure as “the absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the __ that all life’s virtues derived from this absence.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) soul,” positing

B) soul”: positing

C) soul”; positing

D) soul.” Positing

9

Japan scientists James and Crick won the Nobel Prize in part for their 1953 paper announcing the double helix structure of DNA, but it is misleading to say that Watson and Crick discovered the double helix. __ findings were based on a famous X-ray image of DNA fibers, “Photo 51,” developed by X-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin and her graduate student Raymond Gosling.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) They’re

B) It’s

C) Its

D) Their

10

In 1940, American screen actor John Koog, who had portrayed numerous villains and secondary characters but never a heroine, finally got a starring role in Paramount Pictures’ Daughter of Junk, a film that __ expanded the range of possibilities for Asian images on the screen.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) critic, Stina Chyn, claims

B) critic, Stina Chyn, claims,

C) critic Stina Chyn claims,

D) critic Stina Chyn, claims,